Nov 23, 2023 | IPR & Business
Author: Pooja Bhatia, Author and CEO, Inoberry LLC.
What is Technology Transfer?
Have you ever wondered where our world would be without innovation, knowledge, skills and expertise? Would we have vaccines protecting us from diseases including COVID? Technology transfer has been happening since time immemorial in various ways from generation to generation.
The importance of technology transfer can be illustrated by the indelible ink that has been used in elections for years. It was developed in the CSIR-National Physical Lab, patented by NRDC and licensed to Mysore Paints and Varnishes Limited (Earlier called Mysore Lac and Paints Limited).In the year 2022, DRDO reported that they have signed 1464 technology transfer agreements.
Technology transfer offers the following advantages:
- Knowledge dissemination
- Fosters innovation and economic development
- Promotes practical application of scientific discoveries.
- Competitiveness at national and global level
- Job Creation
- Capacity building
- Attracts investment
- Bridges the gap between research and real-world solution
- Effective utilization of valuable knowledge and technologies
- Benefits the society by offering solutions to its problems.
Technology Transfer is a complex process involving a number of steps to transfer knowledge, skills, innovation and technologies. Technology transfer can be of various types. The most common form of technology transfer is publications in journals, industry-academia collaboration and joint ventures. The following are other types of technology transfer:
- Technology development and transfer: Creating solution to address the given problem statement provided by a company to another company or institutions and then transferring it.
- Know-how transfer: When knowledge is transferred with or without associated IPRs, it is called as Know-how transfer.
- Licensing: It is a process of allowing a third party or third parties other than the owner of the IPR to use, make or sell products or use or make or sell products using the process protected.
- Assignment: It is a process of assigning rights of one party to other party to use, make or sell the IP protected product, process or innovation.
- Spin-off formation: It is another form of technology transfer where IPR and/or technology and know how is licensed to a newly created startup or company based on the institutional technology or IPR.
- Material transfer: is a form of technology transfer where IPR associated or non-IPR associated material is transferred for further testing, evaluation or research.
Technology transfer is a process involving the following steps:
- Market assessment
- Marketing
- Deal Negotiation
- Signing of Agreement
Each step of technology transfer requires skills and expertise to move it ahead.
Read more on the skills required in the upcoming write up.
Original Published at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-technology-transfer-bhatia-vasaikar-clp-rttp-patent-agent-awfzc
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Oct 29, 2023 | Patent
A patent specification is a technical-legal document having a written description of the invention, along with the manner and process of making and using the invention. The patent specification must include the novel and inventive steps of the invention. It must be clear and concise to enable understanding of the invention to any person skilled in the art. Under the Indian patent law, a patent specification defines the boundaries of exclusive rights granted to the inventor.
Before drafting a patent specification, it is highly important to consider several aspects to make sure that the invention is legally protected. The key points before drafting a patent specification are listed below.
- Understanding ‘What’ is the invention.
A patent specification must meet the legal requirements in the country in which the patent is to be obtained. The patent attorney can help in the preparation of the patent specification based on the disclosure provided by the inventor. Thus, providing the complete disclosure of the invention to the patent attorney is highly important to make the patent specification preparation easier.
It is also critical to determine if the invention is patentable and to determine if it can be protected. An invention must have patentable subject matter to be eligible for patent protection. The invention must be new, inventive and must have a utility. The invention must not have any prior use before the invention is made public. It is important to know what can and cannot be patented. If the information related to the invention is publicly disclosed, one cannot get a patent for that invention. Therefore, a search of all previous public disclosures should be conducted to identify the prior arts including foreign patents and publications.
The patent specification requires a high level of detail and the patent attorney uses these details to prepare a detailed disclosure of the invention. The patent specification, whether a provisional or complete specification, must present the subject matter of the invention in a clear manner where the disclosure can portray the method of making and using the invention to any person skilled in the art.
The level of detail in the patent specification must demonstrate clearly that the inventor or the applicant is in possession of the invention in the form of the best example. The invention can have any number of applications, which might not be in practice or be implemented at the time of filing the patent application. Importantly, the complete technical disclosure of the invention, along with the expertise in defending the invention during prosecution increases the chances of getting the grant for the patent.
The complete patent specification includes claims that define the key technical aspects and boundaries of the invention for which protection is sought. It is important to construct the claims clearly and precisely, to avoid serious objections during patent prosecution stages. Clearly drafted claims are essential as the claims define the scope and set the boundaries of the patent rights.
- Understanding ‘Why’ to file a patent
It is necessary to understand why we must file a patent application, before drafting the patent specification.
It is important to understand why to file a patent application, as once a patent application is filed, it acts as a prior art and dissuades the other inventors from trying to patent the same invention in the future. Whether the patent is issued, published or a pending application, the document acts as a public document.
The reasons for filing a patent application might be to protect the invention from competitors trying to enter the market and to stop the infringement and gain control over the market. The reason can also be securing the exclusive rights over the invention, which can be used for licensing or transferring the rights of the invention, and many more. A patent grant can increase the negotiating power of the inventor with the competitors and licensees; nowadays, filing a patent application is considered necessary by potential investors or businesses looking to acquire your invention.
- Understanding ‘Where’ the invention is to be filed.
The inventor must access the market for their invention to determine where to file for the protection of the invention. This requires the inventor or the applicant to study the market related to their invention and seek protection in countries with high demand and value.
If the product or method developed by the inventor is going to revolutionize the related industry, then it is highly critical to prevent their competitors from copying their invention or imitating their invention for a low-priced product. Thus, there is a need for filing a patent application. But patents are territorial rights, meaning the rights for a patent is only applicable in the region where the patent application is filed, which creates a need for foreign patent protection. Foreign patent protection requires the inventor to file a patent application in all the countries where there is a good market for their invention, and it might deter competitors from infringing, but pursuing it comes at a greater cost.
Upon receiving the complete technical disclosure of the invention from the inventors or the applicant, the patent attorney will start preparing a patent specification draft. The patent attorney has to carefully select the terms used in the patent specification, to avoid limiting the scope of the invention. Use of such terms might lead to undesirable consequences during patent prosecution. During patent prosecution, generally, the claims protecting the key aspects of the invention can be amended to redefine the scope of the invention. Still, the patent specification is rarely amended to a greater extent. Thus, drafting the patent specification is highly critical. Taking all the above points into account, a clear and concise document has to be created, as the inventor or the applicant gets only one opportunity to explain their invention.
- Conclusion
Patent specification drafting is a complex procedure but can be done precisely with the help of a patent attorney. Considering the complexities of the Indian patent law and rules, the patent attorney considers all the strategies and considerations before drafting a patent specification. A thoughtfully drafted patent specification creates valuable intellectual property and avoids unnecessary time and cost consumed during patent prosecution.
Author: Megha S Nadiger, Origiin IP Solutions LLP
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Oct 16, 2023 | IPR & Business
IP registration is very beneficial for many companies as it gives the owner the exclusive rights over their IP assets through which they can gain profits. In order to boost IP Registration in the country, there are multiple Government schemes available, using which IP expenses may be reimbursed, some of the being as follows, especially for the companies registered in Karnataka:
- Scheme 1- By Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
This Scheme offers legal and intellectual property filing support including patents, trademarks, copyrights, designs, geographical indications (GI) etc. The programme also provides IP advisory, consultation, Patentability Searches, Technology Gap Analyses and IP commercialisation through establishment of Intellectual Property Facilitation Centres (IPFCs) across the country.
Eligibility Criteria
Under Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, IP reimbursement application can only be filed by start-ups who are registered under MSME (Udhyam registration).
If not registered the Registration of MSME (Udhyam registration) can be done with link given: https://udyamregistration.gov.in/Government-India/Ministry-MSME-registration.htm
In order to get Udhyam registration, the required documents are:
- Pan card
- Aadhaar card
- Business address proof
- Bank statement
- GSTIN
- Certificate of incorporation or partnership deed
Benefits of the scheme
- Will enhance the awareness of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) amongst the MSMEs and to encourage creative intellectual endeavour in Indian economy;
- Will help take suitable measures for the protection of ideas, technological innovation and knowledge-driven business strategies developed by the MSMEs for their commercialization and effective utilization of IPR tools.
- Will provide appropriate support and facilities for the protection and commercialisation of IP for the benefit of the MSME Sector.
- Offers assistance to Small and Medium Enterprises with effective use of IPR tools for technology development, market and business promotion, and enhancement of competition
Documents required for IP Reimbursement:
The following documents are required for MSME IP reimbursement:
- Application form: This can be downloaded from the website of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME).
- Udyog Aadhaar Memorandum (UAM): This is a registration certificate for MSMEs.
- Copy of the patent/trademark/GI registration certificate: This is proof that the MSME has successfully registered its intellectual property.
- Statement of expenditure: This is a detailed account of the expenses incurred by the MSME during the registration process.
- Receipt/proof of payment: This is proof that the MSME has paid the registration fees. Any query regarding the scheme, can be sent to mayapandey.dgca@gov.in
Reimbursement given:
| S. No. |
Item |
Maximum Financial Assistance |
| 1. |
Foreign Patent |
Rs. 5.00 lakh |
| 2. |
Domestic Patent |
Rs. 1.00 lakh |
| 3. |
GI Registration |
Rs. 2.00 lakh |
| 4. |
Design Registration |
Rs. 0.15 lakh |
| 5. |
Trademark |
Rs. 0.10 lakh |
Links to apply for IP Reimbursement:
- Patent Reimbursement link-https://my.msme.gov.in/mymsme/Reg/COM_IprGopAppForm.aspx
- Trademark Reimbursement link -https://my.msme.gov.in/mymsme/Reg/COM_IprTradeAppForm.aspx
- Design Reimbursement link- https://my.msme.gov.in/mymsme/Reg/COM_IprDesignAppForm.aspx
- Scheme 2- SIP-EIT (International Patents only)
The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeiTY) has launched a scheme entitled “Support for International Patent Protection in E&IT (SIP-EIT)” to provide financial support to MSMEs and Technology Start-Up units for international patent filing. SIP-EIT Scheme captures the growth opportunities in the area of information technology and electronics. This scheme encourages indigenous innovation and also recognise the value and capabilities of global IP. In this article, we look at the SIP-EIT Scheme in detail.
Benefits of the Scheme
- Financial support is provided for international filing in Information Communication Technologies and Electronics sector.
- The Reimbursement limit has been set to the maximum of Rs. 15 Lakhs per invention or 50% of the total charges incurred in filing and processing of a patent application, whichever is lesser.
- This support scheme can be applied at any stage of international patent filing by the applicant. However, the reimbursement will only be applicable to expenditures incurred from the date of acceptance of a complete application by DeiTY subject to the approval of the competent authority.
Eligibility Criteria
In general, to qualify for the SIP-EIT scheme, the companies should fall under any of the following criteria:
- The company must be registered with the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 of Government of India.
- The applicant must be a registered company following the Companies Act of Government of India and must fulfil the investment limits in plant and machinery or equipment as defined in the MSMED Act 2006 as amended from time to time
- A company to be a registered Software Technology Park unit and its amount of investments in PME must be lower than the limits specified under the MSMED Act, 2006.
- A company must be a technology incubation startup or an enterprise or located in an incubation centre/park and registered as a company. A startup must also have a certification from the incubation centre/park in case it is located on such premises. These companies, too, have to meet the investment limits for PME defined under the MSMED Act, 2006
Documents required
The applicants must furnish the following documents along with the Application Form to apply for the SIP-EIT Scheme:
- In case you are an MSME unit under MSME Development Act 2006, then upload scanned copy of Registration Certificate in *.pdf format, Or
- In case you are a Company under Companies Act of Government of India then upload scanned copy of Registration Certificate in *.pdf format, Or
- In case you are a registered Software Technology Park of India unit, then upload scanned copy of such Registration, Or
- In case you are a Technology Incubation Enterprise/Startup and registered as a company, then upload a scanned copy of Registration Certificate issued by a competent authority in *.pdf format and a certification from the incubation centre/park in *.pdf format.
- Upload a scanned copy of last audited Balance Sheet in *.pdf format
- If Applicant is an employee or Member of Board of Directors, it has to be substantiated by Documentary proof and uploaded in *.pdf format
- Upload the copy of product brochure if any.
- Upload the copy of latest Annual Report, if any.
- Copy of official filing receipt (OFR) with Indian Patent Office or copy of waiver under section 39 of Indian Patent Act in case of patent application filed in countries outside India.
- If you have applied for PCT/ Paris Convention or Direct International Filing, then upload the copy of proof of the same in *.pdf format (A consolidated copy can suffice)
- Attach the copy of technical write-up of invention duly fill it up as per the format of technical writeup and upload the same in *.pdf format
- Upload the patent search report in *.pdf format
- Attach a duly filled scanned copy of Details for transfer of e-payments, as per the format and upload the same in *.pdf format.
- Attach a scanned copy of Declaration form duly signed and sealed as per the format and upload the same in *.pdf format.
- A statement by the auditor of the enterprise that they fulfil the criteria of investment in plant and machinery or investment in capital equipment (as the case may be) as stipulated in the MSMED Act 2006. Upload the same in *.pdf format.
Reimbursement given:
The Reimbursement limit has been set to the maximum of Rs. 15 Lakhs per invention or 50% of the total charges incurred in filing and processing of a patent application, whichever is lesser.
The applicants can visit the DeiTY website or ICT-IPR portal to apply for the SIP-EIT Scheme. Then the applicant has to fill out the application form in a prescribed format online. After completing, upload all the specified records along with the application form. The recommended applications will then be processed finally at DeiTY for the approval. Any query regarding the scheme, can be sent to ipr@meity.gov.in
The link to apply for SIP-EIT scheme is as below:
https://www.ict-ipr.in/sipeit/login
- Scheme 3-Karnataka Patent Reimbursement Incentive for Startups
The policy defines that the cost of filing and prosecution of patent application will be reimbursed to the incubated startup companies subject to a limit of Rs. 2 lakh (0.2 million) per Indian patent awarded. For awarded foreign patents on a single subject matter, up to Rs. 10 lakhs (1 Million) would be reimbursed. The reimbursement will be done in 2 stages, i.e., 75% after the patent is filed and the balance 25% after the patent is granted.
Reimbursement given:
| Domestic patents |
2 lakhs |
| Foreign patents |
10 lakhs |
Reimbursement in 2 stages 75% when patent is filed and 25% when patent granted
Eligibility criteria
The eligibility Criteria to avail of the benefit of the reimbursement on the filing of a patent application are as follows:
- The applicant should be a Startup registered with the Karnataka Startup Cell with a valid Karnataka Startup Cell registration number
- Only patents that have been filed by a startup within the validity of the Karnataka Startup Policy will be eligible to claim this reimbursement
Documents Required
The documents required for the Karnataka Patent Reimbursement Incentive for Startups are as follows:
- KBITS registration number
- Application Form
- A copy of the patent filed at the appropriate authority
- Certificate of Patent Grant from Patent Office
- A detailed statement of expenses incurred towards the Patent Registration along with the copies of invoices & receipts from the patent authority and legal counsel as applicable
- All Invoices submitted by the appropriate Patent Authority towards Government fees and legal agents
- The certificate of Patent with a valid serial number must be furnished and valid form 27 to be enclosed.
- The reimbursement amount will be released/disbursed on the seniority basis depending upon the Budget allotment of the State Government. Any query regarding the scheme, can be sent to startupcel@karnataka.gov.in
The link to apply for this scheme is as below: https://www.missionstartupkarnataka.org/incentives?patent-reimbursement incentives?en#
Compiled by: Ritesh Warikallamath, BA, LLB from Christ University, Bangalore
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Sep 17, 2023 | Contracts
Business contracts serve as legally binding agreements outlining terms for transactions like partnerships, leases, and licensing deals. Within these contracts, clauses specify each party’s rights, obligations, and remedies, clarifying terms and managing risks. While contract clauses vary, certain essential ones, such as dispute resolution, indemnification, warranties, termination, limitations of liability, and confidentiality, are universally vital. These clauses define obligations, safeguard interests, and ensure contract enforceability.
In this article, we explore the significance and nuances of these important clauses within business contracts.
Important Contract Clauses
- Indemnification Clause
The indemnification clause is a cornerstone of business contracts, allocating risks and protecting parties from potential legal liabilities. It outlines the procedures for compensating one party (the indemnified party) for specific expenses or losses incurred due to actions or omissions of the other party (the indemnifying party).
By clearly delineating responsibilities and liabilities, this clause helps maintain clarity and accountability in contractual relationships. It enables parties to negotiate and agree upon acceptable levels of risk, providing a framework for resolving disputes and minimizing the potential for costly litigation.
- Force Majeure Clause
Incorporating a force majeure clause is essential for addressing unforeseeable events or circumstances that may hinder the performance of contractual obligations. This clause typically excuses parties from fulfilling their contractual duties in the event of “acts of God” such as natural disasters, wars, or government actions beyond their control.
By specifying the conditions under which performance may be suspended or excused, the force majeure clause helps mitigate the risks associated with unpredictable events, ensuring fairness and equity in contractual arrangements.
- Limitations on Liability Clause
The limitations on the liability clause play a crucial role in defining the extent of financial responsibility each party assumes under the contract. It sets forth the maximum amount of damages or losses for which a party can be held liable in the event of breaches, negligence, or other contractual violations.
By capping potential liabilities and specifying the types of damages recoverable, this clause provides certainty and predictability, reducing the risk of excessive financial exposure and facilitating smoother dispute resolution processes.
- Confidentiality Clause
Including a confidentiality clause is essential for safeguarding sensitive information and proprietary data exchanged between parties during the course of the contract. This clause imposes obligations on both parties to maintain the confidentiality of confidential information and restrict its use or disclosure to authorised individuals.
By establishing clear guidelines for handling confidential information, the confidentiality clause helps protect trade secrets, intellectual property, and other valuable assets, fostering trust and preserving competitive advantage.
- Copyright Clause
The copyright clause protects the contracting parties’ intellectual property rights, particularly in transactions involving creating or using copyrighted materials. It explicitly states the ownership rights, usage permissions, and restrictions related to copyrighted works exchanged or developed under the contract.
By acknowledging and respecting the copyright ownership of creative works, this clause helps prevent unauthorized use or infringement, ensuring compliance with intellectual property laws and preserving the integrity of original creations.
- Termination Clause
The termination clause outlines the conditions and procedures for terminating the contract before its natural expiration. It may specify various grounds for termination, such as breach of contract, insolvency, or mutual agreement between the parties. Additionally, the clause often includes provisions regarding notice periods, termination fees, and post-termination obligations.
By providing a clear mechanism for ending the contract, the termination clause enhances certainty, reduces ambiguity, and protects the interests of both parties in the event of unforeseen circumstances or dissatisfaction with the contractual relationship.
- Dispute Resolution Clause
The dispute resolution clause is a fundamental component of business contracts, outlining the procedures for resolving conflicts or disagreements that may arise during the contractual relationship. This clause typically establishes the methods, such as negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, by which parties attempt to resolve disputes before resorting to litigation.
By providing a structured framework for promptly and efficiently addressing conflicts, the dispute resolution clause promotes fairness, preserves relationships, and minimises the costs and disruptions associated with formal legal proceedings. Additionally, it helps parties maintain control over the resolution process and tailor solutions to their specific needs and circumstances.
- Warranties and Disclaimers Clause
The warranties and disclaimers clause defines the parties’ rights, responsibilities, and expectations regarding the quality, performance, and fitness of the goods or services provided under the contract. This clause may include explicit assurances or guarantees made by one party regarding the characteristics or attributes of the products or services and any limitations or exclusions of liability for certain types of damages or losses.
By clarifying the scope of warranties and delineating the extent of liability, the clause helps manage risk, establish accountability, and protect parties from potential legal claims arising from breaches of contract or product defects. Additionally, it promotes transparency, fosters trust and facilitates informed decision-making by ensuring that parties are fully aware of their rights and obligations under the contract.
Conclusion
In conclusion, these crucial contract clauses are essential for drafting comprehensive and effective business agreements. From indemnification and limitations on liability to confidentiality and termination provisions, each serves to define rights, obligations, and protections for all parties involved. By carefully incorporating these clauses, businesses can mitigate risks, promote fairness, and ensure enforceability in their contractual relationships. Overall, a well-drafted contract with these essential clauses minimizes legal disputes, and fosters trust, transparency, and successful partnerships in the business world.
Author: Gayatri Singh, UPES Dehradun
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Aug 30, 2023 | IPR & Business, Patent
The well-known Android Operating System is a patented product whose patent is held by Google, but smart phone manufacturers such as Motorola, Samsung, HTC, LG, etc are also using it in their products. Similarly, Dolby Atoms, also a patented sound technology, whose patent is held by Dolby Laboratories, is used by service providers and device manufacturers such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video etc. Ever wondered how? Well, these manufacturing companies are the ‘licensee’ of the patent owners who have licensed their technology to these market players. We will discuss about the concept of patent licensing and related patent validation in detail in this article.
Patent licensing is the process by means of which patent owner grants permission to other party or licensee to use the patented invention for a specific period of time in a particular jurisdiction in lieu of royalty. By granting license to use the patent, the patent owner is able to introduce his patented invention into the new markets through the licensee, who, in most of the cases, is a well-established company. By obtaining a license, the licensee gets to exploit the patented invention in terms of building, marketing and selling innovative products.
The process of patent licensing starts with discussions and negotiations between the patent owner, also called as Licensor and the licensee. Process of arriving at a license fee or royalty may be complicated at times as many factors play a vital role, such as, technical and feasibility of the invention, R&D cost, stage of technology, approvals and compliances for the patented product, market demand, status of patent in India and abroad..
Conducting a legal due diligence of the patent before licensing is an important step and it involves:
- Verification of legal status of the patent as well as family patents to confirm if it is a granted patent or not, even though in several cases, licensee may be willing to license the invention at application stage itself.
- Freedom to operate search is often performed to confirm if licensee has freedom to manufacture, use, market, sell the patented invention in specific jurisdictions or not.
- Prior art search is usually performed to understand strength of the patent. If there is relevant prior art available, this indicates that patent to be licensed is easy to invalidate in court of law.
Invalidation or validation search is a kind of search wherein prior art is compared with the patent to assess the ease or difficulty involved in invalidating the patent. The term ‘Invalidation’ is often used when patent office declares a patent to be invalid as a result of pre/post-grant opposition or revocation of the patent. Before patent is granted and after its publication, there is a chance for third parties to oppose a patent application to prevent it from getting granted on the basis of statutory grounds listed under Section 25 (1) of the Indian patents Act 1970. Likewise, there are statutory grounds for post-grant opposition and revocation of patents also listed under section 25 (2) and Section 64 of the Act, respectively. It is important to note here that the Controller of Patents invalidates the patent only when opposition or revocation petition is filed by the third party (ies). Decision to invalidate the patent is taken by the Controller after reviewing arguments and evidence submitted by both the parties (i.e., opponent and patent owner). The steps and process involved to perform invalidation and validation search are the same but the outcome or opinion may be different. An invalidation search is performed to identify the grounds on the basis of which a patent can be opposed or revoked whereas validation search is primarily performed to find out how strong the patent is compared to the prior art and how strong is it to sustain a litigation. In simple words, we can say that when a search is conducted to validate the claims of a given patent, it is called a Patent Validity search and when it is used to invalidate the claims of a given patent then it is called Patent Invalidity Search. The prior arts which are taken into consideration to perform invalidity/validity search includes patent as well as non-patent literature.
As this search is commonly performed at the time of filing a petition to the Controller of Patents for opposition or revocation of a patent, the search results are really helpful to find out if the patent is strong or weak compared to the existing prior art. This may be useful for the licensee to take right decision with respect to licensing of the patent. If the patent is weak, it may not be able to give competitive advantage to the licensee and it may also prove to be ineffective to block the competitors. In future, if such patent is infringed by the third party(ies), there may be serious issues related to enforcing patent rights.
The ideal time to perform invalidation search is at the outset of the preliminary discussion on patent licensing between patent owner and potential licensee. The results of this search can play a very vital role during negotiation of the terms and conditions of license agreement. However, it is also important to understand that patent licensing is a complex process and in majority of the cases, the agreements are negotiated between relationship between the parties and their preference and hence invalidation search, though critical, is not the only factor that determines the value of the deal.
Conclusion
Invalidation or validation search is helpful to determine strength of the patent to be licensed. If done professionally, it may change direction of negotiations between the parties involved in a potential license agreement., In addition to invalidation search, based on preferences of the parties to the agreement, there may be several other factors responsible to determine deal value and other terms and conditions of the Patent Licensing Agreement, which the author shall discuss in the upcoming article.
Author: Bindu Sharma
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